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- Apr 08, 2020 Create an SSL certificate for Apache TIP: To quickly get started with HTTPS and SSL, follow these instructions to auto-configure a Let’s Encrypt SSL certificate. OpenSSL is required to create an SSL certificate.
- SSL and RSA keys are have a size of 2048 bits. The SSL CA certificate is self signed. The SSL server and client certificates are signed with the CA certificate and key, using the sha256WithRSAEncryption signature algorithm.
- Generate and Install a Let's Encrypt SSL Certificate for a Bitnami Application Introduction. Let’s Encrypt is a free Certificate Authority (CA) that issues SSL certificates. You can use these SSL certificates to secure traffic to and from your Bitnami application host.
Creates a new key, stores it, then returns key parameters and attributes to the client.
The create key operation can be used to create any key type in Azure Key Vault. If the named key already exists, Azure Key Vault creates a new version of the key. It requires the keys/create permission.
The create key operation can be used to create any key type in Azure Key Vault. If the named key already exists, Azure Key Vault creates a new version of the key. It requires the keys/create permission.
Jul 09, 2019 Can I generate a new Private Key for my Certificate if I lose the old one? It looks like a block of encoded data, starting and ending with headers, such as —–BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY—– and —–END RSA PRIVATE KEY—–. You may not get to see this code when generating your CSR. Usually, it gets generated in the background with the. Online RSA Key Generator. Key Size 1024 bit. 512 bit; 1024 bit; 2048 bit; 4096 bit Generate New Keys Async. RSA Encryption Test. Text to encrypt: Encrypt / Decrypt.
URI Parameters
Name | In | Required | Type | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
path | True |
| The name for the new key. The system will generate the version name for the new key. Regex pattern: ^[0-9a-zA-Z-]+$ | |
vaultBaseUrl | path | True |
| The vault name, for example https://myvault.vault.azure.net. |
query | True |
| Client API version. |
Request Body
Name | Required | Type | Description |
---|---|---|---|
attributes | The attributes of a key managed by the key vault service. | ||
crv | Elliptic curve name. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyCurveName. | ||
key_ops |
| JSON web key operations. For more information, see JsonWebKeyOperation. | |
key_size |
| The key size in bits. For example: 2048, 3072, or 4096 for RSA. | |
kty | True | The type of key to create. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyType. | |
tags |
| Application specific metadata in the form of key-value pairs. |
Responses
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
200 OK | A key bundle containing the result of the create key request. | |
Other Status Codes | Key Vault error response describing why the operation failed. |
Examples
Create key
Sample Request
Definitions
DeletionRecoveryLevel | Reflects the deletion recovery level currently in effect for keys in the current vault. If it contains 'Purgeable' the key can be permanently deleted by a privileged user; otherwise, only the system can purge the key, at the end of the retention interval. |
Error | The key vault server error. |
JsonWebKey | As of http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key-18 |
JsonWebKeyCurveName | Elliptic curve name. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyCurveName. |
JsonWebKeyType | JsonWebKey Key Type (kty), as defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-40. |
KeyAttributes | The attributes of a key managed by the key vault service. |
KeyBundle | A KeyBundle consisting of a WebKey plus its attributes. |
KeyCreateParameters | The key create parameters. |
KeyVaultError | The key vault error exception. |
DeletionRecoveryLevel
Reflects the deletion recovery level currently in effect for keys in the current vault. If it contains 'Purgeable' the key can be permanently deleted by a privileged user; otherwise, only the system can purge the key, at the end of the retention interval.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
Purgeable |
| |
Recoverable |
| |
Recoverable+ProtectedSubscription |
| |
Recoverable+Purgeable |
|
Error
The key vault server error.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
code |
| The error code. |
innererror | The key vault server error. | |
message |
| The error message. |
JsonWebKey
As of http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-key-18
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
crv | Elliptic curve name. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyCurveName. | |
d |
| RSA private exponent, or the D component of an EC private key. |
dp |
| RSA private key parameter. |
dq |
| RSA private key parameter. |
e |
| RSA public exponent. |
k |
| Symmetric key. |
key_hsm |
| HSM Token, used with 'Bring Your Own Key'. |
key_ops |
| Supported key operations. |
kid |
| Key identifier. |
kty | JsonWebKey Key Type (kty), as defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-40. | |
n |
| RSA modulus. |
p |
| RSA secret prime. |
q |
| RSA secret prime, with p < q. |
qi |
| RSA private key parameter. |
x |
| X component of an EC public key. |
y |
| Y component of an EC public key. |
JsonWebKeyCurveName
Elliptic curve name. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyCurveName.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
P-256 |
| The NIST P-256 elliptic curve, AKA SECG curve SECP256R1. |
P-256K |
| The SECG SECP256K1 elliptic curve. |
P-384 |
| The NIST P-384 elliptic curve, AKA SECG curve SECP384R1. |
P-521 |
| The NIST P-521 elliptic curve, AKA SECG curve SECP521R1. |
JsonWebKeyType
JsonWebKey Key Type (kty), as defined in https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-jose-json-web-algorithms-40.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
EC |
| Elliptic Curve. |
EC-HSM |
| Elliptic Curve with a private key which is not exportable from the HSM. |
RSA |
| RSA (https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3447) |
RSA-HSM |
| RSA with a private key which is not exportable from the HSM. |
oct |
| Octet sequence (used to represent symmetric keys) |
KeyAttributes
The attributes of a key managed by the key vault service.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
created |
| Creation time in UTC. |
enabled |
| Determines whether the object is enabled. |
exp |
| Expiry date in UTC. |
nbf |
| Not before date in UTC. |
recoveryLevel | Reflects the deletion recovery level currently in effect for keys in the current vault. If it contains 'Purgeable' the key can be permanently deleted by a privileged user; otherwise, only the system can purge the key, at the end of the retention interval. | |
updated |
| Last updated time in UTC. |
KeyBundle
A KeyBundle consisting of a WebKey plus its attributes.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
attributes | The key management attributes. | |
key | The Json web key. | |
managed |
| True if the key's lifetime is managed by key vault. If this is a key backing a certificate, then managed will be true. |
tags |
| Application specific metadata in the form of key-value pairs. |
KeyCreateParameters
The key create parameters.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
attributes | The attributes of a key managed by the key vault service. | |
crv | Elliptic curve name. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyCurveName. | |
key_ops |
| JSON web key operations. For more information, see JsonWebKeyOperation. |
key_size |
| The key size in bits. For example: 2048, 3072, or 4096 for RSA. |
kty | The type of key to create. For valid values, see JsonWebKeyType. | |
tags |
| Application specific metadata in the form of key-value pairs. |
KeyVaultError
The key vault error exception.
Name | Type | Description |
---|---|---|
error | The key vault server error. |
With a secure shell (SSH) key pair, you can create a Linux virtual machine on Azure that defaults to using SSH keys for authentication, eliminating the need for passwords to sign in. VMs created with the Azure portal, Azure CLI, Resource Manager templates, or other tools can include your SSH public key as part of the deployment, which sets up SSH key authentication for SSH connections.
This article provides detailed background and steps to create and manage an SSH RSA public-private key file pair for SSH client connections. If you want quick commands, see How to create an SSH public-private key pair for Linux VMs in Azure.
For additional ways to generate and use SSH keys on a Windows computer, see How to use SSH keys with Windows on Azure.
Overview of SSH and keys
SSH is an encrypted connection protocol that allows secure sign-ins over unsecured connections. SSH is the default connection protocol for Linux VMs hosted in Azure. Although SSH itself provides an encrypted connection, using passwords with SSH connections still leaves the VM vulnerable to brute-force attacks or guessing of passwords. A more secure and preferred method of connecting to a VM using SSH is by using a public-private key pair, also known as SSH keys.
- The public key is placed on your Linux VM, or any other service that you wish to use with public-key cryptography.
- The private key remains on your local system. Protect this private key. Do not share it.
When you use an SSH client to connect to your Linux VM (which has the public key), the remote VM tests the client to make sure it possesses the private key. If the client has the private key, it's granted access to the VM.
Depending on your organization's security policies, you can reuse a single public-private key pair to access multiple Azure VMs and services. You do not need a separate pair of keys for each VM or service you wish to access.
Your public key can be shared with anyone, but only you (or your local security infrastructure) should possess your private key.
Private key passphrase
The SSH private key should have a very secure passphrase to safeguard it. This passphrase is just to access the private SSH key file and is not the user account password. When you add a passphrase to your SSH key, it encrypts the private key using 128-bit AES, so that the private key is useless without the passphrase to decrypt it. If an attacker stole your private key and that key did not have a passphrase, they would be able to use that private key to sign in to any servers that have the corresponding public key. If a private key is protected by a passphrase, it cannot be used by that attacker, providing an additional layer of security for your infrastructure on Azure.
Supported SSH key formats
Azure currently supports SSH protocol 2 (SSH-2) RSA public-private key pairs with a minimum length of 2048 bits. Other key formats such as ED25519 and ECDSA are not supported.
SSH keys use and benefits
When you create an Azure VM by specifying the public key, Azure copies the public key (in the
.pub
format) to the ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
folder on the VM. SSH keys in ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
are used to challenge the client to match the corresponding private key on an SSH connection. In an Azure Linux VM that uses SSH keys for authentication, Azure configures the SSHD server to not allow password sign-in, only SSH keys. Therefore, by creating an Azure Linux VM with SSH keys, you can help secure the VM deployment and save yourself the typical post-deployment configuration step of disabling passwords in the sshd_config
file.If you do not wish to use SSH keys, you can set up your Linux VM to use password authentication. If your VM is not exposed to the Internet, using passwords may be sufficient. However, you still need to manage your passwords for each Linux VM and maintain healthy password policies and practices, such as minimum password length and regular updates. Using SSH keys reduces the complexity of managing individual credentials across multiple VMs.
Generate keys with ssh-keygen
To create the keys, a preferred command is
ssh-keygen
, which is available with OpenSSH utilities in the Azure Cloud Shell, a macOS or Linux host, the Windows Subsystem for Linux, and other tools. ssh-keygen
asks a series of questions and then writes a private key and a matching public key.SSH keys are by default kept in the
~/.ssh
directory. If you do not have a ~/.ssh
directory, the ssh-keygen
command creates it for you with the correct permissions.Basic example
The following
ssh-keygen
command generates 2048-bit SSH RSA public and private key files by default in the ~/.ssh
directory. If an SSH key pair exists in the current location, those files are overwritten.Detailed example
The following example shows additional command options to create an SSH RSA key pair. If an SSH key pair exists in the current location, those files are overwritten.
Command explained
ssh-keygen
= the program used to create the keys-m PEM
= format the key as PEM-t rsa
= type of key to create, in this case in the RSA format-b 4096
= the number of bits in the key, in this case 4096-C 'azureuser@myserver'
= a comment appended to the end of the public key file to easily identify it. Normally an email address is used as the comment, but use whatever works best for your infrastructure.-f ~/.ssh/mykeys/myprivatekey
= the filename of the private key file, if you choose not to use the default name. A corresponding public key file appended with .pub
is generated in the same directory. The directory must exist.-N mypassphrase
= an additional passphrase used to access the private key file.Example of ssh-keygen
Saved key files
Enter file in which to save the key (/home/azureuser/.ssh/id_rsa): ~/.ssh/id_rsa
The key pair name for this article. Having a key pair named
id_rsa
is the default; some tools might expect the id_rsa
private key file name, so having one is a good idea. The directory ~/.ssh/
is the default location for SSH key pairs and the SSH config file. If not specified with a full path, ssh-keygen
creates the keys in the current working directory, not the default ~/.ssh
.List of the ~/.ssh
directory
Key passphrase
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
It is strongly recommended to add a passphrase to your private key. Without a passphrase to protect the key file, anyone with the file can use it to sign in to any server that has the corresponding public key. Adding a passphrase offers more protection in case someone is able to gain access to your private key file, giving you time to change the keys.
Generate keys automatically during deployment
If you use the Azure CLI to create your VM, you can optionally generate SSH public and private key files by running the az vm create command with the
--generate-ssh-keys
option. The keys are stored in the ~/.ssh directory. Note that this command option does not overwrite keys if they already exist in that location.Provide SSH public key when deploying a VM
To create a Linux VM that uses SSH keys for authentication, provide your SSH public key when creating the VM using the Azure portal, CLI, Resource Manager templates, or other methods. When using the portal, you enter the public key itself. If you use the Azure CLI to create your VM with an existing public key, specify the value or location of this public key by running the az vm create command with the
--ssh-key-value
option.If you're not familiar with the format of an SSH public key, you can see your public key by running
cat
as follows, replacing ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
with your own public key file location:Output is similar to the following (here redacted):
If you copy and paste the contents of the public key file into the Azure portal or a Resource Manager template, make sure you don't copy any additional whitespace or introduce additional line breaks. For example, if you use macOS, you can pipe the public key file (by default,
~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
) to pbcopy to copy the contents (there are other Linux programs that do the same thing, such as xclip
).Generating Rsa Private Key Failed Bitnami Password
If you prefer to use a public key that is in a multiline format, you can generate an RFC4716 formatted key in a pem container from the public key you previously created.
To create a RFC4716 formatted key from an existing SSH public key:
SSH to your VM with an SSH client
With the public key deployed on your Azure VM, and the private key on your local system, SSH to your VM using the IP address or DNS name of your VM. Replace azureuser and myvm.westus.cloudapp.azure.com in the following command with the administrator user name and the fully qualified domain name (or IP address):
If you provided a passphrase when you created your key pair, enter the passphrase when prompted during the sign-in process. (The server is added to your
~/.ssh/known_hosts
folder, and you won't be asked to connect again until the public key on your Azure VM changes or the server name is removed from ~/.ssh/known_hosts
.)If the VM is using the just-in-time access policy, you need to request access before you can connect to the VM. For more information about the just-in-time policy, see Manage virtual machine access using the just in time policy.
Use ssh-agent to store your private key passphrase
To avoid typing your private key file passphrase with every SSH sign-in, you can use
ssh-agent
to cache your private key file passphrase. If you are using a Mac, the macOS Keychain securely stores the private key passphrase when you invoke ssh-agent
.Verify and use
ssh-agent
and ssh-add
to inform the SSH system about the key files so that you do not need to use the passphrase interactively.Now add the private key to
ssh-agent
using the command ssh-add
.The private key passphrase is now stored in
ssh-agent
.Use ssh-copy-id to copy the key to an existing VM
If you have already created a VM, you can install the new SSH public key to your Linux VM with a command similar to the following:
Create and configure an SSH config file
You can create and configure an SSH config file (
~/.ssh/config
) to speed up log-ins and to optimize your SSH client behavior.The following example shows a simple configuration that you can use to quickly sign in as a user to a specific VM using the default SSH private key.
Create the file
Edit the file to add the new SSH configuration
Example configuration
Add configuration settings appropriate for your host VM.
You can add configurations for additional hosts to enable each to use its own dedicated key pair. See SSH config file for more advanced configuration options.
Now that you have an SSH key pair and a configured SSH config file, you are able to sign in to your Linux VM quickly and securely. When you run the following command, SSH locates and loads any settings from the
Host myvm
block in the SSH config file.The first time you sign in to a server using an SSH key, the command prompts you for the passphrase for that key file.
Next steps
Next up is to create Azure Linux VMs using the new SSH public key. Azure VMs that are created with an SSH public key as the sign-in are better secured than VMs created with the default sign-in method, passwords.